This study focuses on the influence of climatic, geological and hydrodynamic factors on slope stability of Kekem located in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. The methodological approach was based on the analysis of three factors: hydrological, geological and assessment of the hydrodynamic parameters influencing the stability of slopes. The hydrological factors indicate an average annual rainfall of 1,763.04 mm, generating 248.59 mm of runoff and around 402.61 mm of infiltrated water. Geologically, the soils have a high angle of friction at all three elevations, from 25.8° at the bottom of the slope to 27.2° at mid-slope and 26.2° at the top. On the other hand, the cohesion of these soils remains low, varying from 0.325 bar at the bottom of the slope to 0.265 bar at the top and 0.225 bar at mid-slope. Permeability analysis yielded values ranging from 1 x 10-9 to 1 x 10-11 m/s, with an overall porosity of around 55%. These conditions, combined with the morphology of the environment, are the main causes of slope instability in the Kekem district.
Published in | International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 12, Issue 5) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12 |
Page(s) | 129-138 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Climatic, Geological, Hydrodynamic, Factors, Slope Stability, Kekem
[1] | Aboubakar B., Kagou Dongmo A., Nkouathio D. G., Ngapgue F., 2013. Instabilités de terrain dans les hautes terres de l’Ouest Cameroun: Caractérisation géologique et géotechnique du glissement de terrain de Kekem [Field instabilities in the highlands of West Cameroon: Geological and geotechnical characterization of the Kekem landslide] Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Sciences de la Terre, N° 35, p. 39–51. |
[2] | Ali R., 2008. Contribution à l’étude de la stabilité des massifs rocheux fracturés: caractérisation de la fracturation in situ, géostatistique et mécanique des milieux discrets. [Contribution to the study of fractured rock mass stability: in situ fracture characterization, geostatistics and discrete media mechanics]. Th. Doct. PhD, Univ. montpellier II, p. 271. |
[3] | Ambroise B., 1999. La dynamique du cycle de l'eau dans un bassin versant: processus, facteurs, modèles. [The dynamics of the water cycle in a watershed: processes, factors, models]. Éd. HGA. |
[4] | Aste J. P., Laine C., 1987. Etude du rôle de l’eau dans le mécanisme de rupture des terrains en pente. [Study of the role of water in the failure mechanism of sloping ground] Rapport du Ministère de l’Environnement de la France, Délégation aux Risques Majeurs, BRGM. p. 108. |
[5] | Boudraa A., Kerroum S., 2019. Etude de stabilité des talus rocheux Cas de la pénétrante autoroutière Djendjen-El-Eulma. [Stability study of rocky slopes: Case study of the Djendjen-El-Eulma motorway bypass]. Univ. Mohammed Seddik Benyahia –Jijel, Mém. Master, p. 71. |
[6] | Cepeda J., Hoëg K., Nadim F, 2010. Landslide-triggering rainfall thresholds: a conceptual framework. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, vol. 43, no1, p. 69-84. |
[7] | Chen Z. Y., 2003. Stability analysis of soil slope-Theory, Method and Programs. Chinese Water Press, Beijing. |
[8] | Collin F., Fox R, Maquil R., Schroeder Ch., 2010. « Stabilité des Parois Rocheuses: Eboulement de la carrière RN 27 Michelau », [“Stability of Rocky Walls: Cave-in at the RN 27 Michelau quarry”]. Journée Technique, administration des ponts et chaussés de Luxembourg. |
[9] | Dahal R. K., Hasegawa S., Yamanaka M., Bhandary N. P., Yatabe R., 2006. «Role of monsoon rainfall on landsliding in Nepal», Proc. Intern. Symposium on landslide hazards in orogenic zonefrom the Himalaya to Island Arc in Asia, 1-4., p. 111-118. |
[10] | Dilmi Khadidja L. R., 2019. Analyse de la stabilite d’un versant naturel pre-fissure (application au cas du talus d’Aomar – Bouira). [Analysis of the stability of a pre-cracked natural slope (application to the case of the Aomar slope - Bouira).]. Univ. Mohamed Boudiaf - M’sila Faculté de technologie, Mém. Master, p. 69. |
[11] | Doumbouya L., Chang Sheng G., V. Mwango Bowa; 2019. Influence of Rainfall Patterns on the Slope Stability of the Lumwana (the Malundwe) Open Pit. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, p. 10. |
[12] | Fabio V. De B., 2011. Introduction to the Physics of Landslides, Lecture Notes on the Dynamics of Mass Wasting. Springer. |
[13] | Fort M., Cossart E., 2011. Aléas naturels et menaces sur les axes de communication en Himalaya du Népal: la vallée de la moyenne Kali Gandaki.[ Natural hazards and threats to communication routes in the Himalayas of Nepal: the Middle Kali Gandaki Valley.]. Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français, 88e année, 2011-1. Montagnes tropicales. p. 35-45. |
[14] | Guedjeo C. S., Kagou Dongmo A., Ngapgue F., Nkouathio D. G., Zangmo Tefogoum G., Gountié Dedzo M., Nono A., 2013. Natural hazards along the Bamenda escarpment and its environs: The case of landslide, rock fall and flood risks (Cameroon volcanic line, North-West Region). Global Adv. Res. J. Geol. Min. Res., 2, 1, p. 15–26. |
[15] | Huggel C., Clague J. J., Korup O., 2011. Is climate change responsible for landslide activity in high mountains. Earth Surface Process Landforms 37, p. 77–91. |
[16] | Jomard H., 2006. Analyse multi-échelles des déformations gravitaires du Massif de l’Argentera Mercantour [Multiscale analysis of gravity deformation in the Argentera Mercantour Massif]. [Thèse]: Univ. de Nice Sophia-Antipolis. |
[17] | Kouassi A. M., N’Guessan B. T. M., Kouame K. F., Kouame K. A., Okaingni J. C., Biemi J., 2012. Application de la méthode des simulations croisées à l’analyse de tendances dans la relation pluie-débit à partir du modèle GR2M: cas du bassin versant du N’zi-Bandama (Côted’Ivoire). [Application of the cross-simulation method to the analysis of trends in the rainfall-discharge relationship using the GR2M model: the case of the N'zi-Bandama watershed (Ivory Coast).]. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Géoscience, Tome 344, p. 288-296. |
[18] | Kwékam, M. (2005). Genèse et évolution des granitoïdes calco-alcalins au cours de la tectonique panafricaine: le cas des massifs syn à tardi-tectoniques de l’Ouest-Cameroun (Régions de Dschang et de Kekem). [Genesis and evolution of calc-alkaline granitoids during Pan-African tectonics: the case of syn to tardi-tectonic massifs in West Cameroon (Dschang and Kekem regions).]. These Doctorat d’Etat Université de Yaoundé I. |
[19] | Mahamadou K., 2010. Caractérisation et modélisation du fonctionnement hydrodynamique d’un aquifère fracturé en zone de socle. Région de Dimbokro Bongouanou (Centre Est de la Côte d’Ivoire). [Characterization and modeling of the hydrodynamic functioning of a fractured aquifer in a basement zone. Dimbokro Bongouanou region (central-eastern Côte d'Ivoire).]. Th. Doct. PhD, Univ. Montpellier II, p. 235. |
[20] | Morsli B., Mazour M., Mededjel N., Hamoudi A., Roose E., 2004. Influence de l'utilisation des terres sur les risques de ruissellement et d'érosion sur les versants semi-arides du Nord-Ouest de l’Algérie. [Influence of land use on runoff and erosion hazards on semi-arid slopes of northwest Algeria.]. Sécheresse № 1, vol. 15, p. 96-104. |
[21] | Ndiaye B., 2000. Etude expérimentale des propriétés hydrodynamiques des sols cultivés par la méthode wind. [Experimental study of the hydrodynamic properties of cultivated soils using the wind method.]. Rapport de stage de recherches au laboratoire d’étude de transferts en hydrologie et en environnement (LTHE, Grenoble), du 01 /10/ 1999 au 30/03 /2000. p. 68. |
[22] | Nguyen A. T., 2015. Influence des incertitudes géométriques et de la méthode de modélisation dans l'analyse de stabilité des talus rocheux: application aux mines à ciel ouvert. [Influence of geometric uncertainties and modeling method in rock slope stability analysis: application to open pit mines.]. Th. Doct/Ph.D. Univ.de Lorraine, p. 197. |
[23] | Nkombong Tsafack B., 2021. Analyse de stabilité d’un glissement de terrain sur une pente au Cameroun. [Stability analysis of a landslide on a slope in Cameroon.] Mém. Master, Univ.de Parma, Faculté des sciences, département des sciences chimique, de la vie et du développement durable. p. 144. |
[24] | Nzenti J. P., Abaga A., Suh C. E., Nzolang C., 2010. Petrogenesis of peraluminous magmas from the Akum-Bamenda Massif, Pan-African Fold Belt, Cameroon. [Petrogenesis of peraluminous magmas from the Akum-Bamenda Massif, Pan-African Fold Belt, Cameroon.]. International Geology Review iFirst, p. 1–29. |
[25] | Olivry J. C, 1986. Fleuve et rivières du Cameroun. Collection monographie hydrologie. [Rivers of Cameroon. Hydrology monograph collection] ORTOM. Paris, p. 733. |
[26] | Roy S., 2015. Seuils pluviométriques pour le déclenchement de glissements de terrain dans la municipalité d'Angra dos reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brésil. [Rainfall thresholds for landslide triggering in the municipality of Angra dos reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]. Mém. de Maitrise, Univ. de Québec à Montréal, Canada, p. 187. |
[27] | Staley D. M., Kean J. W., Cannon S. H., Kevin M. S., Laber J. L., 2012. Objective definition of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southem Califomia. Landslides, vol. 10, no5, p. 547-562. |
[28] | Schwen A., Zimmermann M., Bodner G., 2014. Vertical variations of soil hydraulic properties within two soil profiles and its relevance for soil water simulations. Determ. Soil Moisture Meas. Theor. Approaches 516, p. 169–181. |
[29] | Tchindjang M., 2013. Mapping of natural hazards in Cameroon, Conference paper held at the International cartographic conference Dublin, Germany. p. 13. |
[30] | Tchotsoua M. et Bonvallot J., 2000. L'érosion urbaine au Cameroun: processus, causes et stratégies de lutte. [Urban erosion in Cameroon: processes, causes and control strategies]. L’Homme et l’Erosion: Colloque International, Yaoundé (Cameroun), 19990/12/09-19. Bulletin- Réseau Erosion, 2000, 20, p. 324-331. |
[31] | Zahri. F., Mohammed L. B., Riheb H. et Kourichi T., 2017. Contribution à l’étude de l’équilibre des pentes rocheuses discontinues par la modélisation numérique: cas la carrière de granulats ENOF-Sétif NE Algérie. [Contribution to the study of the equilibrium of discontinuous rock slopes by numerical modelling: case of the ENOF-Sétif NE Algeria aggregate quarry.]. Rev. Sci. Technol., Synthèse 35, p. 79-89. |
[32] | Zemenu G. Y., 2009. Analyse des processus de retrait-gonflement des sols argileux en réponse à des sollicitations hydriques cycliques; Rôle de la microstructure. [Analysis of shrink-swell processes in clay soils in response to cyclic water stress; Role of microstructure]. Th. Doct./Ph.D, de l’école nationale supérieure des mines de paris, ED n°398 – Géosciences et Ressources Naturelles, Paris. p. 209. |
[33] |
Food and Agriculyure Organization, Perméabilité du sol.
https://www.fao.org/fishey/docs/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6706f/x6706f09.htm Consulted at 9pm on 09 September 2024 |
APA Style
Fotso, L. N., Katte, V. Y., Ntankouo, R. N., Emile, T. (2024). The Influence of Climatic, Geological and Hydrodynamic Factors on Slope Stability at Kekem in the West Region of Cameroon. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 12(5), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12
ACS Style
Fotso, L. N.; Katte, V. Y.; Ntankouo, R. N.; Emile, T. The Influence of Climatic, Geological and Hydrodynamic Factors on Slope Stability at Kekem in the West Region of Cameroon. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2024, 12(5), 129-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12
AMA Style
Fotso LN, Katte VY, Ntankouo RN, Emile T. The Influence of Climatic, Geological and Hydrodynamic Factors on Slope Stability at Kekem in the West Region of Cameroon. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2024;12(5):129-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12
@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12, author = {Leroy Ngadji Fotso and Valentine Yato Katte and Roger Njila Ntankouo and Temgoua Emile}, title = {The Influence of Climatic, Geological and Hydrodynamic Factors on Slope Stability at Kekem in the West Region of Cameroon }, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {129-138}, doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20241205.12}, abstract = {This study focuses on the influence of climatic, geological and hydrodynamic factors on slope stability of Kekem located in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. The methodological approach was based on the analysis of three factors: hydrological, geological and assessment of the hydrodynamic parameters influencing the stability of slopes. The hydrological factors indicate an average annual rainfall of 1,763.04 mm, generating 248.59 mm of runoff and around 402.61 mm of infiltrated water. Geologically, the soils have a high angle of friction at all three elevations, from 25.8° at the bottom of the slope to 27.2° at mid-slope and 26.2° at the top. On the other hand, the cohesion of these soils remains low, varying from 0.325 bar at the bottom of the slope to 0.265 bar at the top and 0.225 bar at mid-slope. Permeability analysis yielded values ranging from 1 x 10-9 to 1 x 10-11 m/s, with an overall porosity of around 55%. These conditions, combined with the morphology of the environment, are the main causes of slope instability in the Kekem district.}, year = {2024} }
TY - JOUR T1 - The Influence of Climatic, Geological and Hydrodynamic Factors on Slope Stability at Kekem in the West Region of Cameroon AU - Leroy Ngadji Fotso AU - Valentine Yato Katte AU - Roger Njila Ntankouo AU - Temgoua Emile Y1 - 2024/09/23 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12 T2 - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy JF - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy JO - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy SP - 129 EP - 138 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-7536 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20241205.12 AB - This study focuses on the influence of climatic, geological and hydrodynamic factors on slope stability of Kekem located in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. The methodological approach was based on the analysis of three factors: hydrological, geological and assessment of the hydrodynamic parameters influencing the stability of slopes. The hydrological factors indicate an average annual rainfall of 1,763.04 mm, generating 248.59 mm of runoff and around 402.61 mm of infiltrated water. Geologically, the soils have a high angle of friction at all three elevations, from 25.8° at the bottom of the slope to 27.2° at mid-slope and 26.2° at the top. On the other hand, the cohesion of these soils remains low, varying from 0.325 bar at the bottom of the slope to 0.265 bar at the top and 0.225 bar at mid-slope. Permeability analysis yielded values ranging from 1 x 10-9 to 1 x 10-11 m/s, with an overall porosity of around 55%. These conditions, combined with the morphology of the environment, are the main causes of slope instability in the Kekem district. VL - 12 IS - 5 ER -